登陆注册
19967500000098

第98章

The Manufacturing Power and the Agricultural InterestIf protective duties in favour of home manufactures proveddisadvantageous to the consumers of manufactured goods and servedonly to enrich the manufacturer, this disadvantage would especiallybe felt by the landed proprietor and the agriculturist, the mostnumerous and important class of those consumers.But it can beproved that even this class derives far greater advantages from theestablishment of manufactures, than the manufacturers themselvesdo; for by means of these manufactures a demand for greater varietyand for larger quantities of agricultural products is created, thevalue in exchange of these products is raised, the agriculturist isplaced in a position to utilise his land and his powers of labourmore profitably.Hence emanates an increase of rent, of profits,and wages; and the augmentation of rents and capital is followed byan increase in the selling value of land and in the wages oflabour.

The selling value of landed property is nothing else thancapitalised rent; it is dependent, on the one hand, on the amountand the value of the rent, but, on the other hand, and chiefly, onthe quantities of mental and material capital existing in thenation.

Every individual and social improvement, especially everyaugmentation of productive power in the nation, but, most of all,of the manufacturing power, raises the amount of rents, while atthe same time it lessens the proportion which rent bears to thegross produce.In an agricultural nation little developed andscantily peopled, e.g.in Poland, the proportion of rent amounts toone-half or one third the gross produce.in a well-developed,populous, and wealthy nation, e.g.England, it only amounts toone-fourth or one-fifth part of that produce.Nevertheless, theactual worth of this smaller proportion is disproportionatelygreater than the worth of that larger proportion-in money valueespecially, and still more in manufactured goods.For the fifthpart of twenty-five bushels (the average produce of wheat inEngland) equals five bushels; the third part, however, of ninebushels (the average produce of wheat in Poland) amounts only tothree bushels; further, these five bushels in England are worth onan average 25s.to 30s.; while these three bushels in the interiorof Poland are at the most worth 8s.to 9s.; and finally, goods inEngland are at least twice as cheap as in manufactured Poland:

consequently the English landed proprietor is able to buy for his30s.of money-rent ten yards of cloth, but the Polish landowner forhis 9s.of rent can obtain scarcely two yards, from which it isevident that the English landed proprietor by the fifth part of thegross produce is as rentier three times, and as consumer ofmanufactured goods five times, better off than the Polish landowneris by the third part of his gross produce.But that farmers andagricultural labourers also must in England (especially asconsumers of manufactured goods) be disproportionately better offthan in Poland, is shown by the fact that out of the produce oftwenty-five bushels in England twenty bushels go for sowing, forcultivation of the field, wages, and profits: half of which (or tenbushels) devoted to the last two items have an average value of60s.or twenty yards of cloth (at 3s.per yard), while from theproduce of nine bushels in Poland only six bushels go for sowing,cultivation of the field, profit, and wages, half of which, orthree bushels, devoted to the last two items, have merely a valueof 10s.to 12s.or three and a half yards of cloth.

Rent is a chief means of usefully employing material capital.

Its price.therefore, depends also on the quantity of the capitalexisting in the nation and the proportion of the supply of it tothe demand.By the surplus of the capital which accumulates in amanufacturing nation as the result of its home and foreigncommerce, by the low rate of interest which there exists, and thecircumstance that in a manufacturing and commercial nation a numberof individuals who have become wealthy are always seeking to investtheir surplus capital in land, the selling price of a given amountof rent of land is always disproportionately higher in such anation than in the mere agricultural nation.In Poland the rent ofland is sold at ten or twenty years' purchase; in England at thirtyor forty years' purchase.In the proportion in which the sellingvalue of the rent of land is higher in the manufacturing andcommercial nation than in the agricultural nation, so also is theselling value of the land itself higher in the former than in thelatter.For land of equal natural fertility in each country, thevalue is in England ten to twenty times higher than in Poland.

That manufactures have an influence on the amount of rent, andtherefore on the value in exchange of the land, is a fact whichAdam Smith certainly notices at the conclusion of the ninth chapterof his first book, but only incidentally and without bringing thevast importance of manufactures in this respect properly to light.

He there distinguishes those causes which influence directly theaugmentation of rent (such as the improvement of the land itself,the increase in the number and the value of the cattle maintainedupon it) from those causes which have only an indirect influence onthat augmentation, among which latter he classes manufactures.Inthis manner he places the main cause of the augmentation of therent and of the value of land (namely, the manufactures) in thebackground so that it is scarcely perceptible; while he places theimprovement of the land itself and the increase of cattle, whichare themselves for the most part the result of manufactures and ofthe commerce proceeding from them, as the chief cause, or at leastas an equal cause, of that augmentation.

Adam Smith and his followers have not recognised by any meansto its full extent the value of manufactures in this respect.

同类推荐
热门推荐
  • 假戏不真做,总裁请绕道

    假戏不真做,总裁请绕道

    颜臻和祁临自小便有婚约,颜家破产之际,她上门求他,他却说,我有喜欢的人了,我要退婚。结果,她耍个小心机,他就被全家逼婚。要他娶她,祁临对她恨的咬牙切齿:“颜臻,结婚可以,要我碰你?做梦!”她推出一纸契约:“刚好我也是这样想!”祁临情人唐诗铭回归,两人感情不断纠葛。祁临集团,亲戚对其虎视眈眈。颜臻替他稳定局势,并助他坐稳总裁之位!宋潘安介于两人之间,颜臻却一直当他是朋友。后来,祁临爱上了她,什么初恋旧爱统统都靠边站了。颜臻不胜其烦:“祁总,说好假戏不真做的,你动手动脚做什么?”祁临异常淡定:“我不做戏,我来真的。”
  • 小小仙侠

    小小仙侠

    只是想写一个很小很小的小小仙侠,一个只属于我自己的小小仙侠。
  • 国宝来袭:撒旦老公宝宝妻

    国宝来袭:撒旦老公宝宝妻

    (推荐新书:高冷小叔,诱妻72式)如果爱你是错,那么我不想对,宁愿一直这样错下去!!!!她是纯净的白衣天使,在一次偶然之中,救下了身受重伤的他;而他却是黑道上赫赫有名的暗夜基地的首领,是让人害怕的恶魔。可是,他却别那双黑溜溜的大眼睛所深深地吸引住了,明知道将她留在自己的身边会给她带去危险,却还是将她给留了下来,但是,他发誓,这一辈子,他都会好好保护这个天使般的女孩子。
  • 拯救我的爱人

    拯救我的爱人

    风子轩一个平凡的人,为爱建立起自己的势力———天门。在一次战役中,他的红颜知己为保护他,全部玉碎,唯有他一人幸存下来,他为拯救他们,不慎被冰封千年,看他如何拯救自己的爱人。我欲与君相知,长命无绝衰。山无陵,江水为竭,冬雷震震,夏雨雪,天地合,乃敢与君绝....
  • 我的专属樱梦少年

    我的专属樱梦少年

    千筱樱为了寻找十年前的他,来到了凌樱高中。在这里,呆萌的她遇到了一个个极品美少年。温柔,可爱,恶魔,冰山,毒舌究竟那一个才是十年前的他?那一个才是你的菜。
  • 修仙之剑破九霄

    修仙之剑破九霄

    宋辰,自小经历灭门之灾,却在逃命途中误食仙人遗宝,吞噬天地精华,炼化仙人遗骸,修上古剑术,上九霄、战天下!剑斩天河星辰,身渡轮回万劫,任你世家豪门、不惧妖孽天才,掌控天地,万古无敌!
  • 黑客抢抢抢!

    黑客抢抢抢!

    黑客抢抢抢!抢钱、抢财、抢美女!入侵银行,叫银行变成我家的印钞机!入侵工厂,叫工厂变成我家仓库!更要入侵美女芳心,叫美女变成我的乖乖小绵羊!还要入侵社会名利场,叫千万人都尊崇我的名望!天下万物,皆可入侵。世上所有,黑客都抢!请看,一个贫穷的普通少年,如何学会黑客技术,入侵一切,抢到一切!
  • 帝凰傲凤:废柴神医惊天下

    帝凰傲凤:废柴神医惊天下

    她是前世有名的军医,一朝穿越成了凤家的废柴小姐!婚礼前夕,未婚夫上门退婚,不但如此还要娶她庶妹?更更更过分的是极品继母说她被人退婚难再出嫁,做主把她许给家里挑粪的旺财!!尼玛,还当我是小白菜呢,任你们烹炒油煎?家有奇葩一朵朵,凤锦珞,只奉行三个字,斗斗斗!他是大华朝最尊贵的寒王,不近女色,却唯独对她另眼相看!说她是废柴不配嫁他?哼!我偏要与他披肩,共掌天下!
  • 总裁老公,让我看看你的心

    总裁老公,让我看看你的心

    她是A市可以看透所有人心的在读心理医生他是只收撑天掌管整个商界命运的大BOss她在经过前男友的屡次骚扰后,只身前往酒吧买醉。他在酒吧中与她相遇,这辈子便注定了她是他的唯一一个不小心,走错了房,睡错了人,狼狈的远走A市三年。三年过后回来的第一件事竟然是领证,成为总裁夫人。事后“老婆先做正事”某狼邪恶一笑“啊”兔子没反应过来“夫妻义务啊”小兔子被扑倒在了床、上n多年后,他和她甜蜜幸福,相视而笑“老婆我爱你”“老公我也爱你”
  • 私家独宠:帝少的贴身保镖

    私家独宠:帝少的贴身保镖

    新作品《实力宠妻:殿下太心急》,欢迎收藏!自打醒来,她就发现自己已经不是原来的自己了。重生在这个叫“凤子衿”的落魄千金身上,她决定还清原主的债务作为报答。“薄先生,一年为期,我做你的保镖来还债。”男人挑眉,“我觉得有一份工作更适合你,只要你做了,债务全免。”“什么?”“我的妻子。”“.………”食指微微弯曲,放在扳机处,她微笑着说:“我不介意上明天的头条。”那边,大门被踹开,水蓝色的双眸饱含着满满的深情,望着她说:“宝贝儿,离开他,我们才是最合适的……”“滚,我还不想当一个变态!”