At the same time,persons outside the labor movement began to be apprehensive as they contemplated the undoubted evil,as well as the good,that seemed to be associated with the "alien invasion."They saw whole sections of great cities occupied by people speaking foreign tongues,reading only foreign newspapers,and looking to the Old World alone for their ideas and their customs.They witnessed an expanding army of total illiterates,men and women who could read and write no language at all;while among those aliens who could read few there were who knew anything of American history,traditions,and ideals.Official reports revealed that over twenty per cent of the men of the draft army during the World War could not read a newspaper or write a letter home.Perhaps most alarming of all was the discovery that thousands of alien men are in the United States only on a temporary sojourn,solely to make money and return home with their savings.These men,willing to work for low wages and live in places unfit for human beings,have no stake in this country and do not care what becomes of it.
The Restriction of Immigration.-In all this there was,strictly speaking,no cause for surprise.Since the foundation of our republic the policy of the government had been to encourage the coming of the alien.For nearly one hun-dred years no restraining act was passed by Congress,while two important laws positively encouraged it;namely,the homestead act of 1862and the contract immigration law of 1864.Not until American workingmen came into open col-lision with cheap Chinese labor on the Pacific Coast did the federal government spread the first measure of limitation on the statute books.After the discovery of gold,and particularly after the opening of the railway construction era,a horde of laborers from China descended upon California.Accustomed to star-vation wages and indifferent to the conditions of living,they threatened to cut the American standard to the point of subsistence.By 1876the protest of Amer-ican labor was loud and long and both the Republicans and the Democrats gave heed to it.In 1882Congress enacted a law prohibiting the admission of Chinese laborers to the United States for a term of ten years-later extended by legisla-tion.In a little while the demand arose for the exclusion of the Japanese as well.In this case no exclusion law was passed;but an understanding was reached by which Japan agreed not to issue passports to her laborers authorizing them to come to the United States.By act of Congress in 1907the President was em-powered to exclude any laborers who,having passports to Canada,Hawaii,or Mexico,attempted to enter our country.
These laws and agreements,however,did not remove all grounds for the agitation of the subject.They were difficult to enforce and it was claimedModern Scene at Ellis Island-The Immigration Station at the Port of New Yorkby residents of the Coast that inspite of federal authority Oriental laborers were finding their way into American ports.Moreover,several Western states,anxious to preserve the soil for American ownership,enacted laws making it impossible for Chinese and Japanese to buy land outright;and in other ways they discriminated against Orientals.
Such proceedings placed the federal government in an embarrassing position.By treaty it had guaranteed specific rights to Japanese citizens in the United States,and the government at Tokyo contended that the state laws just cited violated the terms of the international agreement.The Western states were fixed in their determination to control Oriental residents;Japan was equally persistent in asking that no badge of inferiority be attached to her citizens.Subjected to pressure on both sides,the federal government sought a way out of the deadlock.
Having embarked upon the policy of restriction in 1882,Congress readily extended it.In that same year it barred paupers,criminals,convicts,and the insane.Three years later,mainly owing to the pressure of the Knights of Labor,it forbade any person,company,or association to import aliens under contract.By an act of 1887,the contract labor restriction was made even more severe.In 1903,anarchists were excluded and the bureau of immigration was transferred from the Treasury Department to the Department of Commerce and Labor,in order to provide for a more rigid execution of the law.In 1907the classes of persons denied admission were widened to embrace those suffering from physical and mental defects and otherwise unfit for effective citizenship.When the Department of Labor was established in 1913the enforcement of the law was placed in the hands of the Secretary of Labor,W.B.Wilson,who was a former leader in the American Federation of Labor.
The Literacy Test.-Still the advocates of restriction were not satisfied.Still organized labor protested and demanded more protection against the competi-tion of immigrants.In 1917it won a thirty-year battle in the passage of a bill ex-cluding "all aliens over sixteen years of age,physically capable of reading,who cannot read the English language or some other language or dialect,including Hebrew or Yiddish."Even President Wilson could not block it,for a two-thirds vote to overcome his veto was mustered in Congress.
